1792 CHAPTER 57. INFINITE PRODUCTS

Proof: There is nothing to prove if {zn} is finite. You just let f (z) = ∏mj=1 (z− z j)

where {zn}= {z1, · · · ,zm}.Pick w ∈ Ω \ {zn}∞

n=1 and let h(z) ≡ 1z−w . Since w is not a limit point of {zn} , there

exists r > 0 such that B(w,r) contains no points of {zn} . Let Ω1 ≡ Ω \ {w}. Now h isnot constant and so h(Ω1) is an open set by the open mapping theorem. In fact, h mapseach component of Ω to a region. |zn−w| > r for all zn and so |h(zn)| < r−1. Thus thesequence, {h(zn)} is a bounded sequence in the open set h(Ω1) . It has no limit point inh(Ω1) because this is true of {zn} and Ω1. By Lemma 57.1.6 there exist wn ∈ ∂ (h(Ω1))such that limn→∞ |wn−h(zn)|= 0. Consider for z ∈Ω1

f (z)≡∞

∏n=1

En

(h(zn)−wn

h(z)−wn

). (57.1.8)

Letting K be a compact subset of Ω1, h(K) is a compact subset of h(Ω1) and so if z ∈ K,then |h(z)−wn| is bounded below by a positive constant. Therefore, there exists N largeenough that for all z ∈ K and n≥ N,∣∣∣∣h(zn)−wn

h(z)−wn

∣∣∣∣< 12

and so by Corollary 57.1.3, for all z ∈ K and n≥ N,∣∣∣∣En

(h(zn)−wn

h(z)−wn

)−1∣∣∣∣≤ 3

(12

)n

. (57.1.9)

Therefore,∞

∑n=1

∣∣∣∣En

(h(zn)−wn

h(z)−wn

)−1∣∣∣∣

converges uniformly for z ∈ K. This implies ∏∞n=1 En

(h(zn)−wnh(z)−wn

)also converges uniformly

for z∈ K by Theorem 57.0.2. Since K is arbitrary, this shows f defined in 57.1.8 is analyticon Ω1.

Also if zn is listed m times so it is a zero of multiplicity m and wn is the point from∂ (h(Ω1)) closest to h(zn) , then there are m factors in 57.1.8 which are of the form

En

(h(zn)−wn

h(z)−wn

)=

(1− h(zn)−wn

h(z)−wn

)egn(z)

=

(h(z)−h(zn)

h(z)−wn

)egn(z)

=zn− z

(z−w)(zn−w)

(1

h(z)−wn

)egn(z)

= (z− zn)Gn (z) (57.1.10)

where Gn is an analytic function which is not zero at and near zn. Therefore, f has a zeroof order m at zn. This proves the theorem except for the point, w which has been left out

1792 CHAPTER 57. INFINITE PRODUCTSProof: There is nothing to prove if {zn} is finite. You just let f(z) = [Tj) (z—z;)where {Zn} = {Z1,-++ ,Zm}-Pick w € Q\ {zn }5_, and let h(z) = =a Since w is not a limit point of {z,}, thereexists r > 0 such that B(w,r) contains no points of {z,}. Let Q) = Q\{w}. Now h isnot constant and so 4(Q,) is an open set by the open mapping theorem. In fact, 4 mapseach component of Q to a region. |z,—w| > for all z, and so |h(z,)| <7~!. Thus thesequence, {/(z,)} is a bounded sequence in the open set #(Q)). It has no limit point inh(Q,) because this is true of {z,} and Q;. By Lemma 57.1.6 there exist w, € 0 (A(Q1))such that limy—s0o |W» — 2 (Zn) | = 0. Consider for z € Qyf()=T] En (Ga) . (57.1.8)n=1 — WnLetting K be a compact subset of Q;, 4(K) is a compact subset of /(Q,) and so if z€ K,then |(z) — w,| is bounded below by a positive constant. Therefore, there exists N largeenough that for all z€ K andn > N,h(Zn) —Wn 1a es < —h(z) —Wp 2and so by Corollary 57.1.3, for all z € K andn > N,name) | 53(3)En, | ——— _ ]}]-1] <3{ =] .- 57.1.9" ( h(z) —Wn — 2Therefore,v |e (Ga) “1n=1 h(z) —Wnconverges uniformly for z € K. This implies [];~_, En (4a) also converges uniformlyfor z € K by Theorem 57.0.2. Since K is arbitrary, this shows f defined in 57.1.8 is analyticon Q).Also if z, is listed m times so it is a zero of multiplicity m and w,, is the point from0 (h(Q1)) closest to A(z), then there are m factors in 57.1.8 which are of the formg, (Fede | = (1 SGM emo= (ASAE eroh(z) —Wp_ kn % 1 Sn)enemy (iam)= (Z—Zn) Gn (z) (57.1.10)where G,, is an analytic function which is not zero at and near z,. Therefore, f has a zeroof order m at z,. This proves the theorem except for the point, w which has been left out