1068 CHAPTER 30. INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENTIAL FORMS

=∫

intRi(Ui∩V j)η j(R−1

i (u))

ψ i(R−1

i (u))

aI(R−1

i (u)) ∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (u1 · · ·un)du

=∞

∑k=1

∫Ri◦S−1

j (Bk)η j(R−1

i (u))

ψ i(R−1

i (u))

aI(R−1

i (u)) ∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (u1 · · ·un)du

=∞

∑k=1

∫Bk

η j

(S−1

j (v))

ψ i

(S−1

j (v))

aI

(S−1

j (v))

∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (v1 · · ·vn)dv

=∫

intS j(Ui∩V j)η j

(S−1

j (v))

ψ i

(S−1

j (v))

aI

(S−1

j (v))

∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (v1 · · ·vn)dv

=∫

S j(Ui∩V j)η j

(S−1

j (v))

ψ i

(S−1

j (v))

aI

(S−1

j (v))

∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (v1 · · ·vn)dv (30.3.9)

The equality of 30.3.8 and 30.3.9 was the goal. With this, the definition of∫

ω using theatlas (Ui,Ri) and partition of unity {ψ i}

pi=1 given in 30.3.5 is

p

∑i=1

∑I

∫RiUi

ψ i(R−1

i (u))

aI(R−1

i (u)) ∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (u1 · · ·un)du

=q

∑j=1

p

∑i=1

∑I

∫Ri(Ui∩V j)

η j(R−1

i (u))

ψ i(R−1

i (u))

aI(R−1

i (u)) ∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (u1 · · ·un)du

and from 30.3.8 - 30.3.9, this equals

=q

∑j=1

p

∑i=1

∑I

∫S j(Ui∩V j)

η j

(S−1

j (v))

ψ i

(S−1

j (v))

aI

(S−1

j (v))

∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (v1 · · ·vn)dv

=q

∑j=1

∑I

∫S j(V j)

η j

(S−1

j (v))

aI

(S−1

j (v))

∂ (xi1 · · ·xin)

∂ (v1 · · ·vn)dv

which is the definition of∫

ω using the other atlas and partition of unity. This proves thetheorem.

30.3.1 The Derivative Of A Differential FormThe derivative of a differential form is defined next.

Definition 30.3.8 Let ω = ∑I aI (x)dxi1 ∧ ·· ·∧dxin−1 be a differential form of order n−1where aI has weak partial derivatives. Then define dω , a differential form of order n byreplacing aI (x) with

daI (x)≡m

∑k=1

∂aI (x)∂xk

dxk (30.3.10)

and putting a wedge after the dxk. Therefore,

dω ≡∑I

m

∑k=1

∂aI (x)∂xk

dxk ∧dxi1 ∧·· ·∧dxin−1 . (30.3.11)

1068 CHAPTER 30. INTEGRATION OF DIFFERENTIAL FORMS(Uy +++ Una) Xi Xin~ Fewcuirw) 1 (Ry (u)) ¥i (Ry (u)) a (Rr (u)) oO) ay=F fm (Rew) vs (Rew) ay (Rw) SOR) ayees os=£ f ns(s109) i(Sit09) (65!) Sea~ basen)! BF 09) W709) (850) Sora_ [ rv) ™! (8;"(v)) v; (85" (w)) ar (S7"()) ay (30.3.9)The equality of 30.3.8 and 30.3.9 was the goal. With this, the definition of { @ using theatlas (U;,R;) and partition of unity {y;}?_, given in 30.3.5 is. - -1 gy) 9 Bin Xin)YE he, w;(R; ' (w)) a7 (R;' (u)) D(uyo-ty)HEEL enn= EE Lo MS o)a(si'0) Foewhich is the definition of { @ using the other atlas and partition of unity. This proves thetheorem.30.3.1 The Derivative Of A Differential FormThe derivative of a differential form is defined next.Definition 30.3.8 Let @ = Ya; (x) dxi, \---\dx;,_, be a differential form of order n—|where a; has weak partial derivatives. Then define dq, a differential form of order n byreplacing a, (x) withOay (xd 30.3.10ay (x =¥ 1 ( )and putting a wedge after the dx,. Therefore,day (xdo= ry Jax xp Ndxj, \+++\dXi,_ + (30.3.11)OXE